Tomatoes Leaves Turning Yellow: Causes, Solutions, and Prevention

Introduction
Seeing the leaves of your tomato plants turn yellow can be alarming, especially when you’re nurturing them for a healthy harvest. Yellowing leaves are often a signal that your plants are under stress, caused by anything from nutrient deficiencies and watering issues to pests and diseases. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll delve into the reasons why tomato leaves turn yellow, explore effective solutions, and provide preventive strategies to keep your plants healthy. Plus, we’ll answer frequently asked questions about yellow tomato leaves.

Why Are My Tomato Leaves Turning Yellow?

Yellowing leaves on tomato plants are typically a symptom of stress, signaling that something in their environment or care routine needs adjustment. Identifying the root cause is essential to fixing the problem and ensuring your plants thrive.

Common Causes of Yellowing Tomato Leaves

1. Nutrient Deficiencies

• Nitrogen Deficiency: Causes older leaves at the bottom of the plant to turn yellow and die off as the plant redirects nitrogen to new growth.
• Magnesium Deficiency: Leads to yellowing between the veins of older leaves, often forming a pattern.
• Iron Deficiency: Affects younger leaves, turning them yellow while the veins remain green.

Solution:

• Apply a balanced fertilizer or supplements such as Epsom salts (for magnesium) or iron chelates.
• Conduct a soil test to identify and correct nutrient imbalances.

2. Watering Issues

• Overwatering: Excess water can suffocate roots, causing yellow leaves and stunted growth.
• Underwatering: Causes stress, resulting in wilting and yellowing leaves.

Solution:

• Water deeply and consistently, allowing the topsoil to dry slightly between waterings.
• Ensure your soil drains well to prevent waterlogging.

3. Pests

• Aphids: These tiny pests feed on sap, causing leaves to yellow and curl.
• Spider Mites: Create yellow speckles and webbing on leaves.
• Whiteflies: Feed on the undersides of leaves, leading to yellow spots.

Solution:

• Use insecticidal soap or neem oil to eliminate pests.
• Introduce beneficial insects like ladybugs to control pest populations.

4. Fungal and Bacterial Diseases

• Early Blight: Causes yellow spots on older leaves that expand and turn brown.
• Fusarium Wilt: Starts with yellowing on one side of the plant and leads to wilting.
• Septoria Leaf Spot: Appears as small yellow spots that eventually spread and turn brown.

Solution:

• Remove and dispose of infected leaves to prevent the spread of disease.
• Apply fungicides or opt for disease-resistant tomato varieties.

5. Environmental Stress

• Temperature Fluctuations: Sudden drops in temperature or heat stress can cause leaves to yellow.
• Sunscald: Prolonged exposure to intense sunlight can cause leaf discoloration.

Solution:

• Use row covers to protect plants during cold spells.
• Provide shade during extreme heat to reduce stress.

6. Transplant Shock

Newly transplanted tomato plants may develop yellow leaves as they adapt to new conditions.

Solution:

• Water plants thoroughly after transplanting and handle roots gently.
• Use a transplant starter fertilizer to help plants adjust.

7. Natural Aging

• Older leaves near the bottom of the plant may yellow and drop off naturally as the plant matures.

Solution:

• Prune yellowing leaves to improve airflow and redirect energy to new growth.

Diagnosing Yellow Leaves

To diagnose the issue:

• Location: Are the yellow leaves at the bottom, top, or scattered throughout the plant?
• Pattern: Is the yellowing uniform, between veins, or spotted?
• Additional Symptoms: Look for signs of pests, wilting, or discoloration on stems and fruit.

How to Prevent Yellow Leaves on Tomato Plants

1. Use Healthy Soil

• Test soil pH to ensure it’s between 6.0 and 6.8.
• Enrich soil with compost or organic matter to provide essential nutrients.

2. Water Properly

• Water deeply at the base of the plant to avoid wetting leaves.
• Use mulch to retain soil moisture and regulate temperature.

3. Fertilize Regularly

• Feed plants with a balanced tomato-specific fertilizer throughout the growing season.
• Address specific nutrient deficiencies promptly.

4. Prune and Space Plants

• Prune lower leaves and suckers to improve airflow and reduce the risk of fungal infections.
• Space plants adequately to prevent overcrowding.

5. Monitor for Pests and Diseases

• Inspect plants weekly and act quickly to remove pests or infected leaves.
• Use organic or chemical controls as needed to manage problems.

6. Practice Crop Rotation

• Avoid planting tomatoes in the same spot year after year to prevent soil-borne diseases.

When Are Yellow Leaves Normal?

Yellowing is not always a problem. Here are situations when it’s normal:

• Aging Leaves: Lower leaves may yellow and drop off as the plant grows.
• End of Season: Late in the season, yellowing is common as plants focus energy on fruit ripening.

Top 10 Questions About Tomato Leaves Turning Yellow

1. Why are the bottom leaves of my tomato plant turning yellow?

Likely due to nitrogen deficiency, overwatering, or natural aging.

2. Can overwatering cause yellow leaves on tomatoes?

Yes, overwatering can suffocate roots, leading to yellowing leaves.

3. How can I treat fungal diseases on tomato leaves?

Remove infected leaves, improve airflow, and apply fungicides as needed.

4. Why do my tomato leaves turn yellow with green veins?

This is often caused by magnesium or iron deficiency.

5. Is it normal for leaves to yellow after transplanting?

Yes, transplant shock can cause mild yellowing, which resolves with proper care.

6. Should I remove yellow leaves from my tomato plant?

Yes, removing yellow leaves prevents disease spread and improves airflow.

7. Why are my tomato leaves yellow but not wilting?

This could be a nutrient deficiency rather than a watering issue.

8. Do yellow leaves affect fruit production?

Yes, as they reduce photosynthesis, potentially impacting fruit growth.

9. How can I prevent yellow leaves in tomato plants?

Ensure proper watering, fertilization, and pest control, and maintain healthy soil.

10. Can yellow leaves turn green again?

No, once a leaf turns yellow, it won’t turn green again. Focus on preventing further yellowing.

Conclusion

Yellow leaves on tomato plants are a common issue that can stem from nutrient deficiencies, watering problems, pests, diseases, or environmental stress. By identifying the cause and taking timely action, you can restore your plants’ health and enjoy a productive growing season. Preventive measures such as proper soil preparation, consistent care, and regular monitoring can ensure your tomato plants stay green, healthy, and thriving.

Tomatoes Calories: Nutritional Information and Benefits

Introduction
Tomatoes are not only a versatile ingredient in countless dishes but also a low-calorie and nutrient-packed fruit. Whether you’re watching your calorie intake or looking for a health boost, tomatoes are an excellent addition to your diet. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the calorie content of tomatoes, their nutritional profile, health benefits, and ways to include them in your meals. Plus, we’ll answer frequently asked questions about tomatoes and their calorie count.

How Many Calories Are in a Tomato?

The calorie content of tomatoes varies based on their size and type. Below is a breakdown of common tomato varieties:

1. Cherry Tomatoes

• 5 calories per cherry tomato (approx. 17 grams).
• 25-30 calories per cup (approx. 150 grams).

2. Roma (Plum) Tomatoes

• 11 calories per medium Roma tomato (approx. 62 grams).
• 20 calories per 100 grams.

3. Vine-Ripened Tomatoes

• 22 calories per medium tomato (approx. 123 grams).
• 18 calories per 100 grams.

4. Heirloom Tomatoes

• 35-40 calories per large tomato (approx. 180 grams).
• Calorie content may vary depending on size and variety.

Nutritional Profile of Tomatoes

Tomatoes are a nutrient-dense food, offering a wealth of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants while being low in calories. Here’s what you get in a 100-gram serving of raw tomatoes:

• Calories: 18-20
• Carbohydrates: 3.9 grams
• Protein: 0.9 grams
• Fat: 0.2 grams
• Fiber: 1.2 grams
• Vitamin C: 21% of the Daily Value (DV)
• Vitamin A: 16% of the DV
• Potassium: 5% of the DV
• Lycopene: A powerful antioxidant linked to various health benefits.

Health Benefits of Tomatoes

1. Low-Calorie, Weight-Friendly Food

• Tomatoes are low in calories and high in water content, making them ideal for weight management.

2. Rich in Antioxidants

• Lycopene, a key antioxidant in tomatoes, helps protect against cell damage and supports heart health.
• Vitamins C and A boost the immune system and improve skin health.

3. Heart Health

• Potassium in tomatoes helps regulate blood pressure and reduces the risk of heart disease.
• Lycopene may reduce LDL cholesterol and improve overall cardiovascular health.

4. Supports Eye Health

• Tomatoes contain beta-carotene and lutein, which promote good vision and protect against age-related macular degeneration.

5. Improves Digestion

• Tomatoes are a good source of dietary fiber, aiding digestion and promoting gut health.

6. Hydration

• With 95% water content, tomatoes help keep you hydrated while providing essential nutrients.

How to Incorporate Tomatoes Into Your Diet

Tomatoes are incredibly versatile and can be included in meals in numerous ways:

1. Raw in Salads

• Add cherry or sliced tomatoes to fresh salads for a burst of flavor and nutrition.

2. In Soups and Sauces

• Use tomatoes to make hearty soups, pasta sauces, or stews.

3. Grilled or Roasted

• Roasting enhances the natural sweetness of tomatoes, making them a delicious side dish.

4. In Smoothies and Juices

• Blend tomatoes into smoothies or juices for a refreshing drink packed with vitamins.

5. On Sandwiches and Wraps

• Use sliced tomatoes as a topping for sandwiches, wraps, or burgers.

6. In Salsas and Dips

• Combine diced tomatoes with onions, cilantro, and lime for a fresh salsa.

Tomatoes and Weight Loss

Tomatoes are an excellent food choice for those looking to lose weight due to their low-calorie and high-water content. They provide essential nutrients and keep you feeling full without adding excessive calories. Incorporating tomatoes into your meals can help reduce overall calorie intake while still satisfying your hunger.

Top 10 Questions About Tomatoes and Calories

1. How many calories are in a cherry tomato?

Approximately 5 calories per cherry tomato.

2. How many calories are in a medium-sized tomato?

A medium-sized tomato contains about 22 calories.

3. Are tomatoes good for weight loss?

Yes, tomatoes are low in calories, high in water content, and rich in nutrients, making them ideal for weight loss.

4. Do cooked tomatoes have more calories than raw tomatoes?

Cooking tomatoes slightly increases their calorie content, but the difference is minimal.

5. How many calories are in tomato juice?

One cup (240 ml) of tomato juice contains about 40-50 calories.

6. Are canned tomatoes higher in calories?

Canned tomatoes have slightly more calories than fresh due to added preservatives or salt, averaging 30-40 calories per 100 grams.

7. How many calories are in a tomato slice?

A single slice of tomato (approx. 20 grams) has about 4-5 calories.

8. Are sun-dried tomatoes higher in calories?

Yes, sun-dried tomatoes are more calorie-dense, with about 140 calories per 100 grams.

9. Do tomatoes lose nutrients when cooked?

Some vitamins (like vitamin C) may decrease during cooking, but cooking enhances lycopene bioavailability.

10. How many calories are in a tomato salad?

A basic tomato salad with no added dressing contains approximately 30-50 calories per serving.

Conclusion

Tomatoes are a low-calorie, nutrient-rich addition to any diet. Whether eaten raw, cooked, or blended, they offer numerous health benefits, from improving heart health to supporting weight management. Understanding the calorie content and nutritional value of tomatoes can help you incorporate them into your meals for a healthy and balanced lifestyle. Start adding this versatile and delicious fruit to your diet today!

Yellow Leaves on Tomatoes: Causes, Solutions, and Prevention

Introduction
Yellow leaves on tomato plants can be a frustrating sight for gardeners, as they often signal an issue that needs immediate attention. Whether caused by nutrient deficiencies, watering problems, pests, or diseases, yellowing leaves can impact the overall health and yield of your plants. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the most common reasons for yellow leaves on tomatoes, how to address them, and preventive strategies to keep your plants green and thriving. Additionally, we’ll answer frequently asked questions to ensure your tomato plants stay in optimal health.

Why Do Tomato Leaves Turn Yellow?

Tomato leaves turning yellow can result from several factors, ranging from natural aging to environmental stress. Understanding the root cause is key to restoring your plant’s vitality.

Common Causes of Yellow Leaves on Tomato Plants

1. Nutrient Deficiencies

• Nitrogen Deficiency: Causes older leaves at the bottom to yellow as the plant redirects nitrogen to new growth.
• Magnesium Deficiency: Leads to yellowing between the veins of older leaves.
• Iron Deficiency: Younger leaves turn yellow, while the veins remain green.

Solution:

• Apply a balanced fertilizer or specific supplements like Epsom salts for magnesium or iron chelates for iron deficiency.
• Conduct a soil test to determine nutrient imbalances.

2. Watering Issues

• Overwatering: Causes roots to become waterlogged and unable to absorb oxygen, leading to yellowing leaves.
• Underwatering: Results in stress, causing wilting and yellowing leaves.

Solution:

• Water deeply and consistently, allowing the soil to dry slightly between waterings.
• Ensure your soil has good drainage to prevent waterlogging.

3. Pests

• Aphids: These sap-sucking pests cause yellowing and curling of leaves.
• Spider Mites: Tiny pests that create yellow speckles and webbing on leaves.

Solution:

• Use insecticidal soap or neem oil to control pests.
• Introduce beneficial insects like ladybugs and lacewings to naturally manage infestations.

4. Fungal and Bacterial Diseases

• Early Blight: Starts as yellow spots on lower leaves, which spread and turn brown.
• Fusarium Wilt: Causes yellowing, wilting, and eventual death of affected leaves.
• Septoria Leaf Spot: Characterized by small yellow spots that grow and turn brown.

Solution:

• Remove and dispose of infected leaves or plants to prevent the spread of disease.
• Apply fungicides or grow disease-resistant tomato varieties.

5. Environmental Stress

• Heat Stress: High temperatures can cause leaf yellowing, especially if plants aren’t adequately watered.
• Cold Stress: Sudden drops in temperature can also cause yellowing leaves.

Solution:

• Provide shade during heatwaves or use mulch to retain moisture.
• Use row covers to protect plants from cold snaps.

6. Transplant Shock

Newly transplanted tomatoes may experience yellow leaves as they adjust to their new environment.

Solution:

• Water plants thoroughly after transplanting and minimize root disturbance.
• Use a transplant starter fertilizer to reduce stress.

7. Natural Aging

• As tomato plants grow, older leaves near the bottom may yellow and die off naturally.

Solution:

• Prune yellowing leaves to improve air circulation and encourage new growth.

How to Prevent Yellow Leaves on Tomato Plants

1. Start with Healthy Soil

• Use nutrient-rich, well-draining soil.
• Test and amend soil as needed to ensure proper pH (6.0 to 6.8) and nutrient balance.

2. Water Smartly

• Water at the base of the plant to keep foliage dry and prevent fungal diseases.
• Use a consistent watering schedule, and consider using drip irrigation for efficiency.

3. Feed Regularly

• Apply a tomato-specific fertilizer throughout the growing season.
• Address specific nutrient deficiencies promptly to avoid further stress on the plant.

4. Prune and Space Plants

• Prune lower leaves and suckers to improve airflow and reduce disease risk.
• Space plants adequately to prevent overcrowding and promote healthy growth.

5. Monitor for Pests and Diseases

• Inspect plants weekly for signs of pests or disease.
• Remove affected leaves or plants immediately to contain problems.

6. Practice Crop Rotation

• Rotate tomato crops annually to prevent the buildup of soil-borne diseases.

When Are Yellow Leaves Normal?

Yellow leaves aren’t always a cause for alarm. Here are situations when yellowing is natural:

• Aging Leaves: Lower leaves yellow and fall off as the plant grows.
• End of Season: Late in the growing season, yellowing is common as the plant focuses energy on ripening fruit.

Top 10 Questions About Yellow Leaves on Tomatoes

1. Why are the lower leaves of my tomato plant turning yellow?

This is often due to nitrogen deficiency, overwatering, or natural aging of the plant.

2. Can overwatering cause yellow leaves?

Yes, overwatering suffocates roots and leads to yellowing leaves.

3. What’s the best fertilizer for yellow leaves on tomato plants?

Use a balanced fertilizer (10-10-10) or address specific deficiencies, such as nitrogen or magnesium, with targeted amendments.

4. Why do my tomato leaves turn yellow with green veins?

This indicates a nutrient deficiency, such as magnesium or iron.

5. How can I treat fungal diseases causing yellow leaves?

Remove affected foliage and apply a fungicide. Ensure good air circulation to prevent future outbreaks.

6. Is it normal for yellow leaves to appear after transplanting?

Yes, mild yellowing can occur due to transplant shock but should resolve with proper care.

7. Should I remove yellow leaves from my tomato plant?

Yes, removing yellow leaves prevents disease spread and improves airflow.

8. Why are my tomato leaves yellow but not wilting?

This could be due to a nutrient deficiency rather than a watering issue.

9. Do yellow leaves affect tomato fruit production?

Yes, as yellow leaves reduce photosynthesis, potentially impacting fruit development.

10. How do I prevent yellow leaves in future tomato plants?

Start with healthy soil, maintain consistent watering, fertilize regularly, and monitor for pests and diseases.

Conclusion

Yellow leaves on tomatoes can be caused by a variety of factors, including nutrient deficiencies, watering problems, pests, diseases, or environmental stress. By identifying the root cause and taking prompt action, you can restore your plant’s health and ensure a productive growing season. Implementing preventive measures, such as proper soil preparation, consistent watering, and regular monitoring, will help you avoid yellow leaves and enjoy a thriving tomato crop.

Tomatoes Turning Yellow: Causes, Solutions, and Prevention

Introduction
Tomatoes are one of the most rewarding crops to grow, but seeing them turn yellow can be a source of frustration for gardeners. Yellowing tomatoes, whether on the leaves or the fruit, often indicate an issue that needs attention. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the common causes of tomatoes turning yellow, how to address these issues, and tips to prevent yellowing in the future. Additionally, we’ll answer frequently asked questions to help you maintain healthy and productive tomato plants.

Why Are My Tomatoes Turning Yellow?

Yellowing in tomatoes can occur for various reasons, from environmental stress to diseases or nutrient deficiencies. Understanding the underlying cause is the first step in resolving the problem.

Common Causes of Tomatoes Turning Yellow

1. Nutrient Deficiencies

• Nitrogen Deficiency: A lack of nitrogen can cause older leaves at the bottom of the plant to turn yellow.
• Iron Deficiency: Yellowing occurs between the veins of young leaves, creating a “chlorosis” effect.
• Magnesium Deficiency: Causes yellowing with green veins, primarily on older leaves.

Solution:

• Apply a balanced fertilizer or one tailored to the specific deficiency.
• Organic options like compost, bone meal (phosphorus), or Epsom salts (magnesium) can also be used.

2. Watering Issues

• Overwatering can suffocate roots, leading to yellowing leaves and poor fruit development.
• Underwatering causes stress, leading to wilting and yellowing leaves.

Solution:

• Water consistently, ensuring the soil remains moist but not waterlogged.
• Use mulch to retain soil moisture and prevent evaporation.

3. Pests

• Aphids: These sap-sucking insects cause yellowing and curling of leaves.
• Whiteflies: They feed on the undersides of leaves, leading to yellow spots.

Solution:

• Inspect plants regularly and remove pests manually or with insecticidal soap.
• Introduce beneficial insects like ladybugs to control pest populations.

4. Fungal and Bacterial Diseases

• Early Blight: Causes yellow spots on leaves that eventually turn brown.
• Fusarium Wilt: A soil-borne disease that causes yellowing, starting with one side of the plant.
• Bacterial Wilt: Leads to yellowing and wilting of the entire plant.

Solution:

• Remove and dispose of infected leaves or plants.
• Rotate crops yearly to prevent soil-borne diseases.
• Use disease-resistant tomato varieties.

5. Environmental Stress

• Heat Stress: Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can cause yellowing.
• Cold Stress: Sudden drops in temperature can also affect leaf and fruit color.

Solution:

• Provide shade during extreme heat.
• Protect plants with row covers during cold snaps.

6. Natural Aging

• Older leaves at the base of the plant often turn yellow and drop off as the plant matures.

Solution:

• Prune yellowing leaves to improve airflow and redirect the plant’s energy to fruit production.

Diagnosing Yellowing Tomatoes

To determine the cause of yellowing:

• Examine the Location: Are the yellow leaves at the top, bottom, or scattered?
• Check the Pattern: Is the yellowing uniform, spotted, or between veins?
• Look for Additional Symptoms: Are there pests, wilting, or discoloration of stems?

By observing these details, you can pinpoint the issue and apply the appropriate solution.

How to Prevent Tomatoes From Turning Yellow

1. Maintain Healthy Soil

• Test soil pH to ensure it’s between 6.0 and 6.8.
• Add organic matter like compost to enrich the soil.

2. Water Wisely

• Water deeply and consistently, focusing on the base of the plant.
• Avoid wetting leaves, as this can promote fungal growth.

3. Feed Your Plants

• Fertilize regularly with a balanced or tomato-specific fertilizer.
• Address specific nutrient deficiencies promptly.

4. Space Plants Properly

• Allow enough space between plants to improve airflow and reduce disease risk.

5. Practice Crop Rotation

• Rotate tomato plants to different areas of the garden each year to avoid soil-borne diseases.

6. Monitor for Pests and Diseases

• Inspect plants weekly for early signs of pests or infections.
• Remove and treat problems as soon as they appear.

Top 10 Questions About Tomatoes Turning Yellow

1. Why are my tomato leaves turning yellow at the bottom of the plant?

This is often due to nitrogen deficiency or natural aging of the plant.

2. Can overwatering cause yellowing in tomatoes?

Yes, overwatering can lead to root suffocation, causing yellow leaves.

3. Why are the veins in my tomato leaves green but the rest is yellow?

This is likely due to iron or magnesium deficiency, also known as chlorosis.

4. How do I prevent fungal diseases in my tomatoes?

Avoid overhead watering, space plants adequately, and rotate crops annually.

5. Can yellowing be a sign of pests?

Yes, pests like aphids and whiteflies can cause yellowing by feeding on plant sap.

6. Are yellow leaves on tomato plants always a problem?

Not always. Yellowing at the base of the plant can be normal as it matures.

7. What is the best fertilizer for yellowing tomato plants?

A balanced fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10) or a nitrogen-rich option is ideal, depending on the cause.

8. Why are my tomatoes turning yellow on the vine?

This could be due to uneven ripening, sunscald, or a lack of potassium.

9. Can I still eat tomatoes that turned yellow?

Yes, as long as the yellowing is not caused by disease or rot.

10. How do I revive yellowing tomato plants?

Identify and treat the underlying cause, such as adjusting watering, feeding, or addressing pests.

Conclusion

Yellowing tomatoes are a common issue, but with proper care and timely action, they can be resolved. By understanding the potential causes—whether it’s a nutrient deficiency, overwatering, or pests—you can restore your plants to health and enjoy a bountiful harvest. Regular monitoring, preventive measures, and good gardening practices will ensure your tomato plants thrive.

Yellow Cherry Tomatoes: A Sweet and Vibrant Garden Delight

Introduction
Yellow cherry tomatoes are small, sweet, and bursting with flavor, making them a favorite among gardeners and chefs alike. With their sunny yellow color and mild taste, they add a pop of brightness to gardens, salads, and countless dishes. In this article, we’ll delve into everything you need to know about yellow cherry tomatoes, from growing and harvesting to their nutritional benefits and culinary uses. Plus, we’ll answer the top questions about these delightful little fruits to ensure you have all the knowledge you need to grow and enjoy them.

What Are Yellow Cherry Tomatoes?

Yellow cherry tomatoes are a variety of small tomatoes known for their bite-sized shape and bright yellow hue. They are sweet, juicy, and less acidic than red cherry tomatoes, making them an excellent choice for snacking and cooking. Popular varieties include ‘Sun Gold,’ ‘Yellow Pear,’ and ‘Golden Sweet.’

Why Grow Yellow Cherry Tomatoes?

Growing yellow cherry tomatoes offers several benefits:

1. Easy to Grow: Perfect for beginners and experienced gardeners.
2. High Yield: These plants produce abundant clusters of fruit.
3. Versatile: Ideal for salads, garnishes, and cooking.
4. Attractive: Their cheerful color enhances any garden or plate.

How to Grow Yellow Cherry Tomatoes

1. Selecting Seeds or Seedlings

• Choose a variety that suits your needs, such as the sweet ‘Sun Gold’ or the unique ‘Yellow Pear.’

2. Planting Indoors

• Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost date in your area.
• Use seed trays filled with nutrient-rich potting soil.

3. Transplanting Outdoors

• Once the risk of frost has passed and seedlings are 6-8 inches tall, transplant them into the garden.
• Plant in a sunny location with well-draining soil.

4. Spacing and Staking

• Space plants 2-3 feet apart to ensure good air circulation.
• Use cages, stakes, or trellises to support the vines.

5. Watering and Feeding

• Water deeply 1-2 times a week, allowing the soil to dry slightly between watering.
• Fertilize with a balanced tomato fertilizer or compost tea.

6. Harvesting

• Yellow cherry tomatoes are ready to harvest when their color is vibrant, and they easily detach from the vine.
• Regular picking encourages continued fruit production.

Nutritional Benefits of Yellow Cherry Tomatoes

Yellow cherry tomatoes are packed with nutrients while being low in calories. They’re an excellent choice for a healthy diet.

• Vitamin C: Supports the immune system and promotes skin health.
• Vitamin A: Enhances vision and skin health.
• Antioxidants: Contain beta-carotene and other antioxidants that combat free radicals.
• Low Calorie: With only 15-20 calories per 100 grams, they’re great for weight management.

Culinary Uses of Yellow Cherry Tomatoes

Yellow cherry tomatoes are versatile and add a burst of flavor to many dishes. Here are some popular ways to use them:

1. Fresh Salads

• Add halved yellow cherry tomatoes to green salads for a pop of sweetness and color.

2. Salsas and Dips

• Combine with onions, cilantro, and lime juice to create a vibrant salsa.

3. Pasta Dishes

• Toss roasted yellow cherry tomatoes with olive oil, garlic, and pasta for a simple yet flavorful meal.

4. Skewers and Grilled Dishes

• Thread onto skewers with other vegetables and grill for a tasty side dish.

5. Soups and Sauces

• Use them to make a mild, golden-colored tomato soup or sauce.

6. Snacking

• Enjoy them fresh off the vine for a healthy and delicious snack.

Common Pests and Diseases

While yellow cherry tomatoes are generally hardy, they can still face challenges. Here’s how to address common issues:

1. Aphids

• These pests suck sap from the plant, causing yellowing leaves.
• Solution: Spray with insecticidal soap or rinse with a strong jet of water.

2. Blossom End Rot

• Caused by calcium deficiency, it leads to black, sunken spots on the fruit.
• Solution: Maintain consistent watering and add calcium supplements.

3. Early Blight

• Yellow spots on leaves can indicate a fungal infection.
• Solution: Remove infected leaves and apply fungicides if necessary.

4. Spider Mites

• These tiny pests leave yellow spots and webbing on the leaves.
• Solution: Use neem oil or insecticidal soap.

Top 10 Questions About Yellow Cherry Tomatoes

1. Are yellow cherry tomatoes less acidic than red ones?

Yes, yellow cherry tomatoes are generally sweeter and less acidic than red varieties.

2. Can I grow yellow cherry tomatoes in containers?

Absolutely! Use a large container (at least 5 gallons) with good drainage.

3. How long does it take for yellow cherry tomatoes to mature?

Most varieties take 60-75 days from planting to produce ripe fruit.

4. Do yellow cherry tomatoes need full sun?

Yes, they require at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily for optimal growth.

5. Why are my yellow cherry tomatoes splitting?

Splitting often occurs due to inconsistent watering. Maintain even soil moisture to prevent this.

6. Can I save seeds from yellow cherry tomatoes?

Yes, you can save seeds from heirloom varieties. Avoid saving seeds from hybrids as they may not grow true to type.

7. What’s the best way to store yellow cherry tomatoes?

Store them at room temperature and avoid refrigeration, as cold temperatures can reduce their flavor.

8. Why are the leaves on my yellow cherry tomato plant turning yellow?

This can result from nutrient deficiencies, overwatering, or pests. Diagnose and treat accordingly.

9. Do yellow cherry tomatoes taste different from red cherry tomatoes?

Yes, they are sweeter and less tangy than red varieties, with a milder flavor profile.

10. Can yellow cherry tomatoes cross-pollinate with other tomato varieties?

Yes, they can cross-pollinate, but this only affects the seeds, not the current fruit.

Conclusion

Yellow cherry tomatoes are a delightful addition to any garden and kitchen. Their sweet flavor, cheerful color, and versatility make them a favorite among gardeners and cooks alike. With the right care, these vibrant little tomatoes can provide a bountiful harvest all season long. Whether you’re growing them in a garden bed or a container, yellow cherry tomatoes are sure to bring joy and flavor to your gardening journey.

Yellow Leaves on Tomato Plants: Causes, Solutions, and Prevention

Introduction
Yellow leaves on tomato plants can be a cause for concern for gardeners. Whether you’re an experienced grower or a beginner, this issue can signal anything from simple stress to more serious diseases. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the reasons why tomato leaves turn yellow, how to diagnose the problem, and the best solutions to restore your plants’ health. Additionally, we’ll answer the top questions related to this common gardening challenge.

Why Do Tomato Leaves Turn Yellow?

Tomato plants are sensitive to their growing conditions, and yellowing leaves are often a symptom of underlying issues. These can include nutrient deficiencies, pests, diseases, or environmental factors. Identifying the cause early is crucial to ensuring the health of your plants.

Top Causes of Yellow Leaves on Tomato Plants

1. Nutrient Deficiencies

• Nitrogen Deficiency: Nitrogen is essential for healthy green foliage. A lack of nitrogen can cause older leaves to yellow and die off.
• Iron Deficiency: Yellowing often occurs between the veins of younger leaves.
• Magnesium Deficiency: Causes yellowing with green veins, particularly on older leaves.

Solution:

• Apply a balanced fertilizer with a focus on nitrogen or use organic options like compost or manure.
• For specific deficiencies, apply iron chelates or Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate).

2. Overwatering or Underwatering

• Overwatering can suffocate roots, leading to yellow leaves and poor plant health.
• Underwatering causes stress, making leaves wilt and turn yellow.

Solution:

• Water consistently and deeply, allowing the soil to dry slightly between watering.
• Ensure your soil has good drainage.

3. Pests

• Aphids: These small insects feed on sap, causing yellowing and curling leaves.
• Spider Mites: They leave behind a webbing and cause yellow spots.

Solution:

• Spray plants with a strong stream of water to dislodge pests.
• Use insecticidal soap or neem oil to control infestations.

4. Fungal Diseases

• Early Blight: Causes yellow spots that eventually turn brown.
• Fusarium Wilt: Yellowing starts on one side of the plant and spreads upward.

Solution:

• Remove and destroy infected leaves.
• Apply fungicides or opt for disease-resistant tomato varieties.

5. Transplant Shock

Newly transplanted tomatoes may show yellow leaves as they adjust to their new environment.

Solution:

• Water gently and avoid disturbing the roots.
• Use a transplant starter fertilizer to reduce stress.

6. Temperature Stress

• Cold nights or sudden heatwaves can stress plants, leading to yellowing leaves.

Solution:

• Protect plants with row covers during cold snaps.
• Mulch around the base to regulate soil temperature.

Diagnosing the Problem

To determine why your tomato leaves are turning yellow, observe the following:

• Location of Yellowing: Lower leaves, younger leaves, or random spots.
• Pattern of Yellowing: Solid yellowing, yellow veins, or spots.
• Additional Symptoms: Wilting, curling, or discoloration of stems.

By assessing these factors, you can narrow down the cause and take targeted action.

How to Prevent Yellow Leaves on Tomato Plants

1. Start with Healthy Soil

• Use nutrient-rich soil with good drainage.
• Test soil pH to ensure it’s between 6.0 and 6.8.

2. Practice Crop Rotation

• Avoid planting tomatoes in the same spot every year to reduce the risk of soil-borne diseases.

3. Water Wisely

• Water at the base of the plant to avoid wetting the leaves.
• Mulch to retain soil moisture and reduce temperature fluctuations.

4. Feed Regularly

• Use fertilizers tailored for tomatoes to ensure they receive essential nutrients throughout the growing season.

5. Inspect Regularly

• Check plants weekly for pests and diseases.
• Remove damaged or infected leaves promptly.

When Are Yellow Leaves Normal?

Yellowing leaves can sometimes be a natural part of a tomato plant’s lifecycle:

• Lower Leaves: As the plant grows, older leaves at the bottom may yellow and drop off naturally.
• End of Season: During late summer, yellowing is common as the plant focuses energy on ripening fruit.

Top 10 Questions About Yellow Leaves on Tomato Plants

1. Why are the bottom leaves of my tomato plant turning yellow?

This is often due to natural aging, nitrogen deficiency, or overwatering.

2. Can overwatering cause yellow leaves?

Yes, overwatering can suffocate roots, leading to yellowing and poor plant health.

3. What should I do if I see yellow spots on leaves?

Yellow spots may indicate fungal diseases like early blight. Remove affected leaves and apply a fungicide.

4. Is it normal for leaves to yellow after transplanting?

Yes, yellowing can occur as plants adjust to new conditions. Provide proper care to reduce stress.

5. Will yellow leaves recover?

Once a leaf turns yellow, it won’t return to green. Focus on treating the underlying cause to prevent further yellowing.

6. How do I treat nutrient deficiencies?

Apply fertilizers specific to the deficiency, such as a nitrogen-rich fertilizer or iron supplements.

7. Can pests cause yellow leaves?

Yes, pests like aphids and spider mites can cause yellowing by damaging the leaves.

8. What is the best way to prevent yellow leaves?

Start with healthy soil, water wisely, and practice good garden hygiene.

9. Should I remove yellow leaves from my tomato plant?

Yes, remove yellow leaves to prevent the spread of diseases and improve air circulation.

10. Can too much sun cause yellow leaves?

Tomato plants love sunlight, but intense heat can stress plants. Use shade cloths during heatwaves if necessary.

Conclusion

Yellow leaves on tomato plants are a common issue that can be caused by a variety of factors, including nutrient deficiencies, overwatering, pests, and diseases. By diagnosing the problem accurately and taking prompt action, you can restore your plants to good health. Regular care, proper watering, and monitoring will help you enjoy a bountiful tomato harvest without the worry of yellowing leaves.

Yellow Tomato: A Vibrant Addition to Your Garden and Plate

Introduction
Yellow tomatoes are a bright and flavorful alternative to their red counterparts, bringing a splash of sunshine to gardens and dishes alike. Known for their sweet, mild flavor and lower acidity, these tomatoes are loved by gardeners and food enthusiasts worldwide. In this article, we’ll explore the history, cultivation, nutritional benefits, and uses of yellow tomatoes. We’ll also answer frequently asked questions to help you make the most of this golden fruit.

What Are Yellow Tomatoes?

Yellow tomatoes are varieties of tomatoes characterized by their bright yellow or golden skin and flesh. They belong to the Solanaceae family, just like red tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants. These tomatoes have a sweeter and less tangy taste due to their lower acidity levels, making them ideal for people sensitive to acidic foods.

Yellow tomatoes come in various shapes and sizes, from cherry-sized gems to large beefsteak varieties. Popular cultivars include ‘Yellow Pear,’ ‘Golden Jubilee,’ and ‘Sun Gold.’

History and Origins of Yellow Tomatoes

Tomatoes originated in South America and were first cultivated by the Aztecs and Incas. Yellow tomatoes are believed to have been among the first domesticated varieties, with seeds brought to Europe during the Columbian Exchange. In Europe, yellow tomatoes were often referred to as “golden apples” due to their striking color.

How to Grow Yellow Tomatoes

Cultivating yellow tomatoes is similar to growing other tomato varieties. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

1. Selecting Seeds or Seedlings

• Choose a variety that suits your needs, such as ‘Yellow Pear’ for salads or ‘Golden Boy’ for slicing.
• Purchase seeds from a reputable supplier or select healthy seedlings from a nursery.

2. Preparing the Soil

• Yellow tomatoes thrive in well-draining, nutrient-rich soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.8.
• Mix compost or well-rotted manure into the soil to enhance fertility.

3. Planting

• Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost date in your region.
• Transplant seedlings outdoors once temperatures remain consistently above 50°F (10°C).

4. Watering

• Water deeply once or twice a week, ensuring the soil remains moist but not waterlogged.
• Avoid overhead watering to reduce the risk of fungal diseases.

5. Fertilizing

• Use a balanced fertilizer or one higher in phosphorus to encourage strong root and flower development.

6. Pruning and Staking

• Prune suckers to direct energy into fruit production.
• Support plants with stakes, cages, or trellises to prevent sprawling.

7. Harvesting

• Yellow tomatoes are ready to harvest when their color turns vibrant and they feel slightly soft to the touch.

Nutritional Benefits of Yellow Tomatoes

Yellow tomatoes are a nutrient-dense food packed with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Here’s what makes them a healthy choice:

• Vitamin C: Boosts the immune system and promotes skin health.
• Vitamin A: Supports vision and skin health.
• Lycopene: A powerful antioxidant, though present in lower quantities than in red tomatoes.
• Low Calories: Ideal for weight management, with only 15-20 calories per 100 grams.

Culinary Uses of Yellow Tomatoes

Yellow tomatoes are versatile and can be used in various recipes. Here are some ideas:

1. Fresh Salads

• Add yellow cherry tomatoes to green salads for a pop of color and sweetness.

2. Soups and Sauces

• Use yellow tomatoes to create a creamy, vibrant soup or a mild-flavored pasta sauce.

3. Salsas

• Combine diced yellow tomatoes with onions, cilantro, and lime for a unique salsa.

4. Roasted or Grilled

• Roast yellow tomatoes with olive oil and herbs for a flavorful side dish.

5. Juices and Smoothies

• Blend yellow tomatoes into smoothies or juices for a nutrient-packed drink.

Common Pests and Diseases

Yellow tomatoes are susceptible to the same pests and diseases as other tomato varieties. Here’s how to manage them:

1. Aphids

• Remove them manually or use insecticidal soap.

2. Tomato Hornworms

• Inspect plants regularly and remove these large green caterpillars by hand.

3. Blight

• Avoid overhead watering and space plants adequately to improve air circulation.

4. Fusarium Wilt

• Rotate crops and plant resistant varieties to prevent soil-borne diseases.

Top 10 Questions About Yellow Tomatoes

1. Are yellow tomatoes less acidic than red tomatoes?

Yes, yellow tomatoes are generally less acidic, making them sweeter and milder in flavor.

2. Can yellow tomatoes be grown in containers?

Absolutely! Choose a large container (at least 5 gallons) with good drainage and use a nutrient-rich potting mix.

3. What is the best fertilizer for yellow tomatoes?

A balanced fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10) or one higher in phosphorus (e.g., 5-10-5) works well.

4. How do I know when yellow tomatoes are ripe?

Ripe yellow tomatoes are vibrant in color and feel slightly soft when gently squeezed.

5. Can I save seeds from yellow tomatoes?

Yes, you can save seeds from heirloom or open-pollinated varieties. Avoid saving seeds from hybrids.

6. Are yellow tomatoes genetically modified?

Most yellow tomatoes are not genetically modified but are traditional or hybrid cultivars.

7. What’s the difference between yellow and orange tomatoes?

Yellow tomatoes are milder and less tangy, while orange tomatoes tend to have a richer flavor.

8. How long do yellow tomatoes take to grow?

Depending on the variety, they typically take 60-85 days from planting to harvest.

9. Do yellow tomatoes have the same nutrients as red tomatoes?

They share similar nutrients, but yellow tomatoes have less lycopene and more beta-carotene.

10. Can yellow tomatoes cross-pollinate with red tomatoes?

Yes, if planted close together, they can cross-pollinate, but this will only affect the seeds, not the current fruit.

Conclusion

Yellow tomatoes are a delightful addition to any garden or kitchen. Their sweet flavor, striking color, and nutritional benefits make them a favorite among gardeners and cooks alike. Whether you’re growing them in your backyard or incorporating them into your meals, yellow tomatoes are sure to brighten your day.

Permaculture UK: Sustainable Living and Regenerative Agriculture

Permaculture is a design philosophy focused on sustainable living, regenerative agriculture, and harmonious integration with natural ecosystems. In the UK, permaculture is gaining popularity as individuals and communities adopt its principles to address environmental challenges and create self-sufficient lifestyles. Learn about permaculture in the UK, its benefits, principles, and how to get involved in this transformative movement.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. What Is Permaculture?
3. Key Principles of Permaculture
4. Benefits of Permaculture
5. Permaculture in the UK
6. How to Start with Permaculture
7. Permaculture Projects and Communities in the UK
8. FAQs About Permaculture in the UK
9. Conclusion
10. Meta Description

Introduction

As concerns about climate change, food security, and biodiversity loss grow, permaculture offers practical solutions that blend sustainability with resilience. In the UK, permaculture principles are being applied to create thriving gardens, farms, and communities while restoring ecosystems.

What Is Permaculture?

Permaculture, short for “permanent agriculture,” is a system of design principles aimed at working with, rather than against, nature. It focuses on creating sustainable and self-sufficient ecosystems by mimicking natural processes.

Key Principles of Permaculture

1. Observe and Interact:
   • Understand your environment and work with its unique characteristics.
2. Catch and Store Energy:
   • Utilize renewable resources like sunlight and water efficiently.
3. Obtain a Yield:
   • Ensure your efforts produce tangible outputs, such as food or energy.
4. Apply Self-Regulation and Feedback:
   • Adjust practices based on results to improve sustainability.
5. Use and Value Renewable Resources:
   • Reduce dependency on finite resources.
6. Design from Patterns to Details:
   • Start with big-picture planning before focusing on specifics.
7. Integrate Rather than Segregate:
   • Foster mutually beneficial relationships between elements.
8. Use Small and Slow Solutions:
   • Start small to manage systems sustainably over time.
9. Value Diversity:
   • Promote biodiversity to create resilience.
10. Use Edges and Value the Marginal:
    • Optimize the use of transitional spaces for productivity.
11. Creatively Use and Respond to Change:
    • Adapt to environmental and societal shifts.

Benefits of Permaculture

1. Environmental Restoration:
   • Enhances soil health, conserves water, and supports biodiversity.
2. Food Security:
   • Promotes local, organic food production.
3. Economic Savings:
   • Reduces reliance on external inputs like synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
4. Community Building:
   • Encourages collaboration and shared resources.
5. Resilience:
   • Creates systems that withstand environmental and economic disruptions.

Permaculture in the UK

The UK is home to a thriving permaculture movement, with networks, educational programs, and community projects spreading awareness and implementation. The Permaculture Association (UK) serves as a central hub, offering resources, courses, and connections for practitioners.

How to Start with Permaculture

1. Learn the Basics:
   • Read books, attend workshops, or take online courses.
2. Start Small:
   • Begin with a backyard garden or balcony space.
3. Design Your System:
   • Map your space and apply permaculture principles.
4. Plant Diverse Crops:
   • Include a mix of vegetables, herbs, fruits, and perennials.
5. Compost and Mulch:
   • Create healthy soil by recycling organic waste.
6. Join a Community:
   • Connect with local permaculture groups for support and inspiration.

Permaculture Projects and Communities in the UK

1. Forest Gardens:
   • Mimic natural forests with layered planting systems.
2. Community Allotments:
   • Share resources and knowledge to grow food collaboratively.
3. Eco-Villages:
   • Develop sustainable communities focused on low-impact living.
4. Education Hubs:
   • Attend courses at centers like The Sustainability Centre or Scotland’s Findhorn Foundation.

FAQs About Permaculture in the UK

1. What is the Permaculture Association UK?

Answer: It’s a national organization that supports the development and practice of permaculture through education, networking, and resources.

2. Can I practice permaculture in small spaces?

Answer: Yes, permaculture can be applied to urban gardens, balconies, or even indoor spaces.

3. Is permaculture the same as organic gardening?

Answer: While they share similarities, permaculture encompasses broader ecological design principles beyond organic gardening.

4. How do I find permaculture courses in the UK?

Answer: Visit the Permaculture Association’s website or check local community centers for workshops.

5. What crops are best for permaculture in the UK?

Answer: Apples, pears, berries, kale, chard, and herbs like rosemary and thyme thrive in the UK climate.

Conclusion

Permaculture in the UK is more than a gardening method; it’s a movement toward sustainable living and ecological harmony. By applying permaculture principles, individuals and communities can create regenerative systems that benefit the planet and future generations. Start your permaculture journey today and be part of a global solution to environmental challenges.

Permaculture Farming Meaning: A Sustainable Approach to Agriculture

Permaculture farming is a holistic agricultural practice that mimics natural ecosystems to create sustainable, self-sufficient farming systems. It emphasizes ethical land use, resource conservation, and biodiversity to produce food while preserving the environment. Learn what permaculture farming means, its principles, benefits, and how it’s shaping the future of sustainable agriculture.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. What Is Permaculture Farming?
3. Core Principles of Permaculture Farming
4. Benefits of Permaculture Farming
5. How Permaculture Farming Works
6. Permaculture vs. Traditional Farming
7. Examples of Permaculture Farming Practices
8. Challenges of Permaculture Farming
9. FAQs About Permaculture Farming
10. Conclusion
11. Meta Description

Introduction

As modern agriculture faces challenges like soil degradation, water scarcity, and climate change, permaculture farming offers a sustainable solution. By working with nature rather than against it, permaculture creates regenerative systems that benefit both the environment and communities.

What Is Permaculture Farming?

Permaculture farming is a design philosophy that integrates agriculture, ecology, and sustainable living. It focuses on creating systems that are environmentally harmonious, resource-efficient, and socially responsible.

Core Principles of Permaculture Farming

1. Care for the Earth:
   • Preserve and regenerate natural ecosystems.
2. Care for People:
   • Ensure food security and community well-being.
3. Fair Share:
   • Distribute resources equitably and reduce waste.
4. Use and Value Renewable Resources:
   • Prioritize renewable energy and materials.
5. Design for Self-Regulation:
   • Create systems that function independently with minimal human intervention.
6. Emphasize Biodiversity:
   • Promote diverse plant and animal species for a balanced ecosystem.

Benefits of Permaculture Farming

1. Soil Health:
   • Enhances soil fertility and prevents erosion.
2. Water Conservation:
   • Utilizes techniques like rainwater harvesting and swales.
3. Energy Efficiency:
   • Reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable energy.
4. Resilience:
   • Adapts to climate change and protects against environmental shocks.
5. Economic Sustainability:
   • Reduces input costs and creates diversified income streams.

How Permaculture Farming Works

Permaculture farming works by designing agricultural systems that mimic natural ecosystems. Key practices include:

• Companion Planting: Growing complementary crops together to maximize growth and pest resistance.
• Agroforestry: Integrating trees and shrubs with crops and livestock.
• Crop Rotation: Preventing soil depletion by alternating crops.
• Natural Pest Control: Using biological methods to manage pests.

Permaculture vs. Traditional Farming

Examples of Permaculture Farming Practices

1. Forest Gardens:
   • Multi-layered systems with trees, shrubs, and ground covers.
2. Hugelkultur Beds:
   • Raised beds made of decomposing wood and organic matter.
3. Polyculture Systems:
   • Growing multiple crops in the same space for diversity and resilience.
4. Rainwater Harvesting:
   • Capturing and storing water for irrigation.
5. Composting:
   • Recycling organic waste into nutrient-rich soil amendments.

Challenges of Permaculture Farming

1. Initial Setup Costs:
   • Designing and implementing a permaculture system requires investment.
2. Knowledge and Expertise:
   • Requires understanding ecological principles and long-term planning.
3. Time to Yield:
   • Systems may take years to reach full productivity.
4. Limited Scalability:
   • More suitable for small to medium-sized farms than industrial-scale agriculture.

FAQs About Permaculture Farming

1. What is the goal of permaculture farming?

Answer: To create self-sustaining systems that provide food, conserve resources, and regenerate the environment.

2. Is permaculture farming profitable?

Answer: Yes, it can be profitable over time due to reduced input costs and diversified income streams.

3. Can permaculture farming work in urban areas?

Answer: Absolutely, urban permaculture focuses on small-scale systems like rooftop gardens and community farms.

4. What crops are grown in permaculture?

Answer: A wide range of fruits, vegetables, herbs, and grains, often integrated with trees and livestock.

5. How does permaculture farming conserve water?

Answer: Techniques like swales, mulch, and rainwater harvesting reduce water usage and improve retention.

Conclusion

Permaculture farming is more than just an agricultural method—it’s a philosophy for living sustainably and harmoniously with nature. By focusing on regeneration, resource efficiency, and community well-being, permaculture offers a viable path toward a resilient food system. Whether on a large farm or a backyard garden, permaculture principles can make a meaningful impact.